Learning the anatomy

The parts of the liver and nearby organs include:

• Gallbladder. This is an organ that stores bile.

• Bile ducts. These are tubes between the liver and small intestine. Bile drains into them from the liver.

• Common bile duct. The duct from the liver (hepatic duct) and the duct from the gallbladder (cystic duct) meet to form the common bile duct. The common bile duct carries bile to the duodenum.

• Duodenum. This is the first part of the small intestine. When bile leaves the liver and gallbladder, it flows through the bile ducts into the duodenum. Here, bile starts mixing with food to help digestion.

• Biliary tree. This is a network of tubes that carry bile out of the liver and into the duodenum.

• Spleen. This is an organ that filters blood. It’s also part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection.

• Portal vein. This is a blood vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract and spleen into the liver.

• Splenic vein. This is a blood vessel that carries blood from the spleen to the portal vein.

• Hepatic veins. These are blood vessels that carry blood out of the liver to the inferior vena cava.

• Inferior vena cava. This is a large vein that carries blood from the liver, legs, and kidneys to the heart.

• Hepatic artery. This is a blood vessel that carries blood into the liver from the heart.

How blood is processed by the liver

All the blood that flows from the intestines, stomach, and spleen is filtered through the liver. The blood flows into the liver through the portal vein. It filters through the liver in a system of smaller and smaller veins. As blood passes over liver cells, these cells process nutrients in the blood. This makes products such as proteins and sugars that can be used by the body. Blood is then carried out of the liver through the hepatic vein to the heart.