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Common Spine and Disk Problems

The most common serious back problems happen when disks tear, bulge, or burst open (rupture). In such cases, an injured disk can no longer cushion the vertebrae and absorb shock. As a result, the rest of your spine may also weaken. This can lead to pain, stiffness, and other symptoms.

Torn annulus

A sudden movement may cause a tiny tear in an annulus. Nearby ligaments may stretch.

Top view of lumbar vertebra and disk showing tear in annulus.
Top view.

Contained herniated disk

As a disk wears out, the nucleus may bulge into the annulus and press on nerves.

Top view of lumbar vertebra showing contained herniated disk.
Top view.

Extruded herniated disk

When a disk ruptures, its nucleus can squeeze out and irritate a nerve.

Top view of lumbar vertebra with extruded herniated disk.
Top view.

Arthritis

As disks wear out over time, bone spurs form. These growths can irritate nerves and inflame facets.

Top view of lumbar vertebra showing bone spurs.
Top view.

Instability

As a disk stretches, the vertebrae slip back and forth. This can put pressure on the annulus.

Side view of lumbar spine showing one vertebra slipping forward and pressing on nerve.
Side view.

Spondylolisthesis

With this condition, one vertebra has moved forward or backward, in relation to the one above or below it. This causes a crack (stress fracture) in the areas that link the vertebrae together. This may put pressure on the annulus, stretch the disk, and irritate nerves.

Side view of lumbar spine showing spondylolisthesis and stress fracture.
Side view.

Online Medical Reviewer: Anne Fetterman RN BSN
Online Medical Reviewer: Heather M Trevino BSN RNC
Online Medical Reviewer: Joseph Campellone MD
Date Last Reviewed: 4/1/2024
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